New York Growth Essays - East Coast Of The United States

New York Growth For a number of reasons, business enterprise in New York grew by leaps and bounds between 1825 and 1860. New York's growth between the years 1825 and 1860 can be attributed to a number of factors. These include but cannot be limited to the construction of the Erie Canal, the invention of the telegraph, the developed of the railroads, the establishment of Wall Street and banking, the textile, shipping, agriculture and newpaper industries, the development of steam power and the use of iron products. On October 26, 1825 the Erie Canal was opened. The canal immediately became an important commercial route connecting the East with the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys. With tht time of travel cut to one-third and the cost of shipping freight cut to one-tenthof the previous figures, commerce via the canal soon made New York City the chief port of the Atlantic. The growing urban population and the contruction of canals, railroads and factories stimulated the demand for raw materials and food stuffs. In 1836 four-fifths of the tonnage over the Erie Canal came from western New York (North, 105). Much of this cargo was in the form of agriculture goods. The farmer become a shrewed businessaman of sorts as he tended to produce whatever products would leave him the greatest profit margin. The rise of the dairy industry was by far the most significant development in the agricultural history of the state between 1825 and 1860. Farmers discovered that cows were their most relliable money-makers, since both the domestic and foreign market kept demanding more dairy products (Ellis, 273). Price flucuations became increasingly important for the farming population between 1825 and 1860. Prices rose from the low level of the early 1820's until the middle 1830's and the farmer's shared in the general prosperity (271). Although the rapid industrialization and urbanization of New York had a great deal to do with the success of agricultural markets sporadic demand from aboard as a result of the Irish famine, the Crimean War and the repeal of the Corn Laws in England also contributed(North, 141). During this period Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York and Virginia, in that order were the leading wheat growing states. Between the years 1840 and 1850 New York ranked first in the production of beef. The absence of politic party differences on issues related to the the growth of democracy existed in regard to the foremost economic questions, there was absolutely no partisan division evident in the movement to incorporate new financial institutions; rather , the primary factors , which the legislators examined, concerned value, feasibility, profit and the location within the state. Dozens of turnpike proposals, most of which werebacked by the Republicans, passed the legislature; but the Federalists cooperated, seeing the chance for profits. Prominent Federalists like John Rutherfurd, John Neilson, William Paterson, John Bayard, and James Parker invested susstanial sums in the turnpike business. There were numerous Republicans who were also vitally interested in the turnpike business (Kass, 150). Bipartisan support also accompanied plans for the construction of bridges and canals. All of the parties contained a large number of adherents from from every level of economic well-being in society. This helps to expain the absence of any clear-cut party differences on the major economic issues of the such as the chartering of banks, the protestive tariff, internal improvements, the development of manufacturing, and the promotion of superior agricultural techniques. Each politcal faction had segments both pro and con on most of these questions, and, inall cases it was opprtunism, the desire for profits, which was decisive in determining one's political position on these economic issues(175). New York's economic growth can also be attributed to the invention of the cotton gin. Cotton had become a boom crop in the south, however, plantation owners were either too engrossed in the production of their crops or too unschooled in business techiniques to handle its distribution. Some just did not want to be bothered. This opened thee door for agents representing New York shipping firms who were only too happy to help them out - for a fee. This scheme not only earned the New York merchants a handsome profit but also solved the problem that without cotton the ship owner would be hards preesed to find adequate cargoes for their return voyages. And so it came about that New York in the nineteeth century became the nation's foremost shipper of cotton(Allen, 108-109). The cotton shipments entering New York harbor were brought to textile mills for processing. A group of New york capitalist estashlished the Harmony

Sexual Violence against Women Essay Example

Sexual Violence against Women Essay Example Sexual Violence against Women Essay Sexual Violence against Women Essay Nowadays, sexual abuses on women are very rampant in this generation. This kind of dilemma is always heard and watches on the daily news, may it be on television or in the newspaper. Women are prone and vulnerable to this kind of abuses because the way I see it, our society labels the women as inferior species compared to men; thus, there is gender biases between man and woman. In the real sense, women have same right as men have. Sexual abuses on women may happen inside marriage or outside marriage. There is a tendency that husbands think that since they are already lawfully wed by their wives, they have the full authority to use their wives whenever they like and that’s how sexual abuses creep in because the acts made by the husbands are not consented and against the will of their wives. Another scenario is when women are being raped and sexually harassed by gangs and other sort of elements in our society. Due to sexual abuses on women has increased; various groups have been established in order to fight against this kind of violence on women. Are there any ways we can prevent such dreadful violence? What does our government have done in order to stop this kind of violence? What should women do to avoid sexual violence? Are there still solutions for this dilemma? These are the inquiries that come across in my mind.Moreover, sexual abuses against women issues also point out the various forms of sexual abuses on women such as sexual assault, domestic abuses, abortions, race and sexuality and equality between men and women (gender biases). These abuses are experienced most of the women globally, it may be in different forms of sexual abuses.The intentions of this paper is to: (1) understand what does sexual violence really means; (2) bring out the real issues on sexual violence against women and; (3) figure out the solutions on sexual abuses on women.II. BackgroundA. What is sexual abuse?Everyone may have the tendency to be a prey of sexual assault. It ma y happen anywhere in the world. If an individual is a victim of sexual abuse, a medical assistance is required in order affirm that the individual is being abused or not. Doing such act is an indication that the complainant cries out for help and may report it to the authority. When we say sexual abuse, it denotes to a physical contact without the permission or against the will of the other individual. Sexual abuse is linked with rape and may diverge in accordance to political, communal and legal classification and description.III. DiscussionA. Issues on sexual violence against womenAs time passes by, sexual abuses on women are rapidly increasing through out the globe. In a study conducted by Jeanne Ward and Mendy Marsh, they were able to investigate and found out that in Bosnia-Herzegovina, there were about 40,000 raped cases that were recorded and verified in the Zenica Ventre for the Registration of War and Genocide Crime in 1993 (see Ward, Jeanne and Marsh, Mendy. â€Å"Sexual Violence against Women and Girls in War and Its Aftermath: Realities, Responses, and Required Resources†. June 21-23, 2006).   The study also added that in 1999, there were about 39 percent of the women being reported who had undergone sexually abused in the 1994 genocide and about 72 percent had stated that they have known individuals who suffered from sexual abuses. In 1998, during the time where a rebel offensive had occurred in the capital city of Brazzaville in the Republic of Congo, there were about 2,000 women who were treated because of sexual assaults and the 10 percent of that number were reportedly got pregnant. The United Nations bureaucrats promulgated that the exact number of women being sexually abused in Brazzaville were almost 5000. In other report, researchers had found out that there were about 50,000 to 64,000 women who have been sexually abused throughout armed conflict in Sierra Leone (see Ward, Jeanne and Marsh, Mendy. â€Å"Sexual Violence against Wo men and Girls in War and Its Aftermath: Realities, Responses, and Required Resources†. June 21-23, 2006). The study was able to give out the real incidents happened during the crisis or conflicts of every country that was mentioned earlier. It presented how the women were being treated during conflicts. This would only shows that sexual abuses on women are growingly rapidly and happened in different parts of the world. However, the study failed to mention what were the responses of its government upon knowing the reports.The World Health Organization website published its concern regarding the violence against women. The organization has stated that women can undergo abuses from other individuals all throughout their lives if not prevented and without the immediate support from various sectors. During February 1996, the international professionals were summoned and organized by World Health Organization to come into an agreement that the description that was implemented by the United Nations General Assembly gave a practical and helpful structure for the activities of the organization (see World Health Organization. â€Å"Violence against Women†. June 2000).   This article reported that every country’s result regarding the sexual abuses has recorded 10 percent up to 50 percent of women being sexually abused by their lifetime partners. It also stated that in a population-based study, there were about 12 percent to 25 percent of women who suffered forced sex by their partners or former partners. The rate of prostitution and sex tourism has grown in number (see World Health Organization. â€Å"Violence against Women†. June 2000). Moreover, the study showed that most of the sexual violators are men and women are very vulnerable to such violence from the men they personally know. The women and girls are often abused within the family and with their intimate partners and because of this scenario, there are social organizations that try t o defend and protect the abused (see World Health Organization. â€Å"Violence against Women†. June 2000). However, do social institutions sometimes ignored sexually-abused women? Why is there still violence such as this when we have social institutions that look after such violations? On the other hand, the World Health Organization has released a public health approach to stop violence on women. The study figured out some solutions in order to prevent violent acts on women. The illustration below shows how the Public Health Approach being conducted.Gathering of the data correctly will help this program identify the real issue. If the problem has been identified, the susceptibility of the groups will be recognized. Then, this approach will make interventions and are implemented to protect the victims. This article not only showed the preventions but also presented what might happen to the sexually abused women such as transmitting of STDs that include AIDS and unplanned preg nancies.On the other hand, the Australian Bureau of Statistics reported that there were approximately 36 percent of women who experienced physical abuse and about 19 percent of women who undergone sexual abuse (see Phillips, Janet and Park, Malcolm. Measuring domestic violence and sexual assault: a review of the literature and statistics†. December 12, 2006). In a census made by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 2005, it promulgated that in the past 12 months, there were approximately 363 000 women or 4.7 percent of women had become victims for physical violence and 126 100 women or 1.6 percent had become sexually abused. Furthermore, the Australian Bureau of Statistics assessed that about 2.56 million or 33 percent of women have become victims of physical abuse as early as 15 years old and 1.47 million or 19 percent have suffered from sexual abuses as early as 15 years old (see Phillips, Janet and Park, Malcolm. Measuring domestic violence and sexual assault: a review of the literature and statistics†. December 12, 2006).This would identify that abuses on females can be done in any age.In United States, there were about 132,000 victims particularly women have reported every year that they are victims of rape and most of them know their abusers. It was also assessed that two to six times of these victims are being sexually abused but failed to report the heinous incident. The report also added that about 1.2 million women are being sexually abused by their present or past partners (see National Organization for Women. â€Å"Violence against Women in the United States†).IV. ConclusionSexual violence against women has been an issue for a long time. I have realized that women can be sexually abused by their trusted individuals. Every year, the victims of sexual violations have grown in number in different parts of the world. However, women should be cautious enough to whom should they give their full trust because there is a great possibil ity that the person whom they trust most, are the people who will abuse them.

COMMUNICATION PLAN for Nestle Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

COMMUNICATION PLAN for Nestle Company - Essay Example For perishable products such as milk and vegetables, Nestlà © has direct procurement process with specific requirement so that the excess is not wasted. Nestlà © invest sufficiently in sustainable agriculture in collaboration with its direct suppliers so that high quality food products are delivered. Multinationals such as Nestlà © focus on long term partnership with suppliers so that resources are available at a reasonable cost and whenever required. These long term contracts minimizes various risks on the part of the company as well as for the suppliers. For instance, such kind of supply chain system acts as a hedge against fluctuations in the agricultural market (Handfield& Nichols, 1999; Nestlà ©, 2009; 2014b). Nestle company has been going through some publicity issues in the past. There were a lot of cases where children died as a result of taking products from the nestle company. This led to massive protests by the people against their products. Nestle was accused of aggressively marketing their breast milk substitutes and dressing their sales ladies as nurses. The deaths reported were as a result of the increasing deaths of infants. For the infant formula milk, the powder has to mixed with water which in most poor countries is usually contaminated and unhygienic and therefore leading to the death of the children. Another issue was that even when the parents knew the hygienic standards that they had to have, they do not have the means to sterilise the equipment that they used and therefore having no choice but to use the contaminated water. The women in the poor countries sometimes could not afford the formula and thus would end up using less than the required amount of formula and mix it with more water so that a can would last for longer. This means that the infants got less nutrients than they required. Basically, children who are fed on breast milk are more protected than children who are fed on formula and thus have better health compared to the

References Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

References - Annotated Bibliography Example The site also delves into the importance and essence of an active sex life on one’s health while also offering plenty of advice healthy feeding habits (during an exercise regime and to check the risks of nutrition related ailments) for various age groups. The site gives a brief insight into what tuberculosis is, what causes tuberculosis and other risk factors, its symptoms and complications. Advice for patients on numerous topics concerning tuberculosis is offered here including preparation for medical appointments and tests and diagnostic procedures expected while in the hospital. Effective treatment regimes and drugs for tuberculosis are also discussed there-in alongside prevention of spread of the disease or contracting of the same through vaccinations (using BCG) and other measures. A coping and support section is also available with numerous recovery stories and other experiences. Other issues such as drug resistance from poor dosage, transmission, drug susceptibility testing, genotyping, identification, model performance evaluation program (MPEP), epidemiological studies and so on are additionally discussed. The site is also available in Spanish. HIV/ AIDS is discussed and its cause stated. Means of transmission of the virus and the symptoms associated with infection are equally discussed. Places where individuals can get tests and know their statuses are given. The site talks about treatment and management of HIV if one tests positive and what one ought to do if they test either positive or negative in order to continue living meaningful, enjoyable and productive lifestyles. Management of HIV cases during pregnancy and co-infection with tuberculosis are also looked into closely and such patients advised on how to seek help or go about the issue. Finally, prevention measures are discussed and in addition, ways and benefits of preventing spread of infection to others for the infected are laid out. Among other things, the site offers valuable

IKEA International Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

IKEA International Marketing - Case Study Example Those that can are part of an elite group that set a precedent for other retailers to follow. IKEA is one of those leaders. In less than forty years, IKEA has become a globally successful, multibilliondollar business, with stores on six continents and a very large customer following. Competitors constantly strive to imitate IKEA, but this company's secret to success is not easily duplicated. In Sweden in the 1940s, Ingvar Kamprad ran a small delivery business from his home using the local milk van. Needing a name for his business, he combined the initials of his name along with those of his family farm, "Elmtaryd," and the name of his village "Agunnaryd," to form IKEA (Appelbaum 1990). When the delivery service failed, Kamprad transferred his knowledge to mail order and soon discovered an untapped niche: furniture. By 1953 the first warehouse showroom of cataloged goods was opened. Soon to follow were stores in Norway and Denmark. Today Kamprad can boast of ninety-six stores in twenty-four countries, including the United States, France, Poland, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Australia, Hong Kong, Hungary, and Saudi Arabia. The Swedish company is now the largest furniture retailer in the world. In total, these stores cover 14 million square feet and in 1990 had global sales exceeding $3.4 billion and served close to 90 million customers (Chandler 1990). What was Kamprad's form ula for success "IKEA shall offer a wide range of home furnishing items of good design and function, at prices so low that the majority of people can afford to buy them" (IKEA Home Page 2008). A simple formula it is, but one that has resulted in huge success ("IKEA in 2005", 2005). Current Business Structure Around the globe, IKEA stores are similarly designed in a Swedish style-blue and gold (Sweden's national colors), with the flag of Sweden waving proudly at the front. The stores are huge (100,000-250,000 ft), warehouses led with wide aisles for easy navigation. Products consist of assemble-it yourself furniture such as tables, bookcases, and shelves, and also china, plants, linens, wallpaper, flooring, carpets, beds, lighting, and cabinets, all at rock-bottom prices (IKEA Home Page 2008; Trachtenberg 1991). All stores are attractively merchandised with up to one hundred settings of fully decorated rooms. Store traffic patterns are designed so that the customer passes through all departments to pick up the knock-down merchandise and proceed to the checkout counter. Very little space is wasted ("IKEA in 2005", 2005). MARKETING STRATEGIES IKEA was founded as a mail order

Binding of QNB and Atropine to Muscarinic Acetylcholine

Binding of QNB and Atropine to Muscarinic Acetylcholine Cholinergic relates to the responses in various systems to the neuro-transmitter molecule Acetycholine (ACh). They are the protein that are permanently attached to the biological membrane or the integral membrane protein (IMP). If the set of response is seen where Ach is a normal transmitter it is seen that they are grouped based on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) that respond to nicotine, and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) that bind muscarine. These Nicotine and muscarine are extrinsic molecules that get the same response but with different sensitivity. Drugs that bind to muscarinic receptors are classified based on Agonists (which activate the neuronal receptor and produce a response) Antagonists (which do not activate the receptor and block the agonist binding site) Antagonists are now used to study the drug-receptor binding as they bind with a higher affinity (i.e lower dissociation constant kd) when compared with agonists Pharmacology studies have shown that antagonists have higher affinity but no efficacy to their cognate receptors. They intervene their effect by going and binding to the active site or to allosteric sites on the receptor. They can also go and bind to unique binding sites that do not participate in biological regulation of any receptor activity. The activity that antagonist causes may be reversible or irreversible, depending on the long life of the antagonist-receptor complex. Studies have shown that 3-Quinuclinidyl benzilate (QNB) is a potent muscarinic antagonist in CNS (central nervous system) and peripheral tissues. QNB shows specific binding to the receptor of interest it binds. It can also bind to other sites of the membrane and these can cause changes. We can measure specific binding by filtering radioactive 3H-QNB and then measuring the amount of QNB. To measure non-specific binding, Atropine is used to displace QNB from the specific sites, while the non-specifically bound QNB remains and can be quantified by measuring radioactivity. (Source: Yamamura et al. May 1974) Overview of the experiment QNB is carried out in a radioactive binding assay where the concentration of QNB that is specific bound without atropine and QNB that is non-specifically bound with atropine is measured over successive interval of time. It is allowed to incubate so as for binding site to reach saturation is allowed where the equilibrium is reached. After this any further increase incubation time does not cause the amount of QNB bound to change. This QNB bound to the membrane is measured. By calculating the incubation time, IC50 of atropine is measured by measuring the atropine at which 50% of bound QNB is displaced. Amount of free QNB when 50% of bound QNB is displaced is used to measure the dissociation constant (Kd). Materials and Methods Determination of QNB specific and non-specific binding Two bulk assays was carried out To measure QNB binding (in the presence of water) To measure non specific binding (with the presence of atropine) There were two conical flask taken A and B. Tube A was added with 30 ml of 1.3 nM 3H-QNB and 6ml water. And to the flask B flask B, 30 ml 3H-QNB and 6ml atropine was added. S filter tower is then set with 6 GF/C filters and 4.0 ml of rat membrane was added to each flask and the flask were swirled to mix well. 2ml aliquots from A flask (A1, A2, A3) and (B1, B2, B3) from the B flask were produced and were run through fresh GF/C filters. Each of the filters was then washed to remove mini-vials, and then 5 ml scintillant was added and was left for at least an hour. After a hour the radioactivity was counted in the scintilliant counter. This protocol was repeated for a couple of more time to produce triplicates at the time interval of 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 min. Determination of IC50 for atropine Five glass test tubes having 1200 ÃŽÂ ¼l of distilled water in each was taken. To the test tube 1, 300 ÃŽÂ ¼l of 10 10 ÃŽÂ ¼M atropine was added and was mixed well. 300 ÃŽÂ ¼l of the solution was added to tube 2 and mixed well. The same method is carried out for a series of dilutions to be done in tube 3 to 5. Atropine concentration in each tube is calculated. Seven triplicate tubes (A1, A2, A3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦G1, G2, G3) are made each containing 1500 ÃŽÂ ¼l of 1.3nM QNB assay and the tubes are mixed well. 300 ÃŽÂ ¼l of 10 ÃŽÂ ¼M atropine was added to the three tubes of A and three B tubes were added with 300 ÃŽÂ ¼l of solution from tube 1. The dilution process was carried out for tubes C, D, E, F from tube 2, tube 3, tube 4 and tube 5 respectively. To tubes G, 300 ÃŽÂ ¼l of distilled water was added instead. 200 ÃŽÂ ¼l membrane was then added quickly to all the tubes. The 21 tubes were then left for incubation for 45 min and the radioactivity was then measured. Determination of concentration of protein using Lowry Assay Test tubes were prepared that contained 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 ÃŽÂ ¼g BSA (Bovine serum albumin) made up to 1 ml with water. A 6th tube was taken that had 50 ÃŽÂ ¼l of membrane that was made up to 1ml with water. 1.5ml of reagent 1 that contains 0.5 ml copper tartrate + 50ml alkaline carbonate was added and mixed well and let to stand for 10 min at room temperature. Then 0.3 ml of reagent 2 that contains Commercial Folin-Ciocalteau reagent was added to the tubes and mixed well. The tubes were then left for incubation for 30 min. Absorbance or optical density was read at 660nm. Determination of kd for QNB Eight test tube was taken, four containing low QNB concentration (1.3nM QNB mix) and four tubes containing high QNB concentration (6.5nM QNB mix). Tubes 1 to 4 were added with 7.50 ml, 2.50 ml, 5 ml and 3.2 ml of 6.5 nM QNB mix respectively. Lower concentration of QNB is made by diluting the standard QNB assay mix with NaKP solution. These tubes are labelled 1-8. The solution of tube 1-8, of about 1500 ÃŽÂ ¼l each was added to the triplicate tubes (A1, A2, A3, H1, H2, H3) respectively. Solution of tube 1 is added to tubes A, Tube 2 to B tubes till tube 8 to tubes H. 300 ÃŽÂ ¼l water + 200 ÃŽÂ ¼l membrane was then added to all tubes. For tubes A4-H4, 300 ÃŽÂ ¼l Atropine plus (Tube 1-8) respectively plus 200 ÃŽÂ ¼l membranes was added. Radioactivity was measured in all tube. A lowry assay was also carried out. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Here in the graph the values are plotted for QNB bound with atropine (with as show in the graph), QNB bound without atropine (Without as shown in the graph) and Corrected vales are obtained by subtracting QNB bound with atropine from the QNB bound without atropine (corrected as shown in the graph ) against time. Here QNB bound without atropine is total amount of QNB bound to the receptor; QNB bound with atropine is the Non-specific binding of QNB to the receptor and corrected is the specific binding of QNB to the receptor. After a particular time of incubation receptors reach equilibrium, where no more binding of QNB takes place to the binding sites. At this point when no more binding of QNB takes place the plateau is formed in the graph showing saturation. This incubation time is approximately 45 min as shown by the graph reaching the plateau. The graph shows us that with and corrected points of the graph forms a plateau after reaching incubation time of approximately 45 min. If an addition incubation time was taken after 60 min we would have got a plateau for without graph also showing us a plateau. The graph shows that the cmp value increase over time after which when reaching a particular time no more binding occurs thus forming a plateau showing the saturation or equilibrium has reached. Small decline in the graph can be seen at time 30 to 45 min, this could have been due to experimental errors. The errors could have been caused during pipetting, in proper vacuum, formation of bubbles, adding samples properly between time intervals etc. This can be avoided by more careful handling of the instrument and doing a initial check up for errors so as to not cause changes in the experiments result. Taking the above data into consideration we have chosen 45 min as incubation time for determining IC50 of atropine. This is because, saturation of binding sites is achieved and no further unbinding of QNB also occurs, as the off-rate or reaction constant of QNB unbinding is very low. So there is no further change in the amount of bound QNB and hence this incubation time is considered appropriate. By serial dilution different concentration of atropine was prepared. The graph shows us that the amount to QNB bound to the receptor of the membrane reduces with increase in concentration. This happens because atropine is a competitive binder and binds competitively with specific sites to the receptor. The amount of QNB specifically bound will be inversely proportional with atropine concentration. Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50)  is a measure of how effective a compound is in inhibiting biological or biochemical function. This is a quantitative measure that let us know how much concentration of the drug or biological substance (inhibitor) is required to inhibit a given biological process by half. So we are calculating the IC50 of atropine to determine its potency. It is calculated by taking atropine concentration at which 50% QNB is displaced. The IC 50 value was found to be 0.0008912 ÃŽÂ ¼M. This shows that atropine is a drug with good potency. Ic 50 does not directly discuss the binding constant so we cannot compare the binding affinity of QNB and receptor. Lowarys assay Lowrys assay was carried out for determining the concentration of membrane protein. First different concentration of BSA was used and we generated a graph for it, taking concentration and OD. The membrane protein was then checked for absorbance and was found to be 0.322. Using the linear regression equation and the absorbance, concentration of the membrane protein was found to be 0.803 mg/ml. This test was done for another membrane protein sample. The absorbance of the membrane was 0.27. Again using the regression equation and the absorbance, concentration of the membrane protein was found to be 0.293529412 mg/ml. Determination of Kd: Kd is -1/m and was the equation was used is y = -8499.6x 1.3669. the kd is used to define the affinity between the drug and the protein . the value of Bmax was 0.001161 nm.

The Fire Ant :: essays research papers

The Fire Ant (general overview and personal perspectives)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The â€Å"Fire Ant† is one of the most feared migratory arthropods in North America. The first non-native species was introduced into the Port of Mobile, Alabama, starting in 1919, through soil ballast, from South American ships, being dumped ashore. The black fire ant (Solenopsis richteri Forel) arrived sometime in 1919, and the red fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) sometime in the late 1930’s; both much more aggressive and harsh than their two sister species of fire ants, the Tropical fire ant (Solenopsis xyloni McCook) and the Southern fire ant (Solenopsis geminata Fabricius), which are considered native to North America. The presence of imported fire ants within United States boarders was first reported in 1929.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Currently, the IFA (imported fire ant) is found in eleven states (over 300 million acres) , with sporadic, isolated showings as far west as California and as far north as Kansas and Maryland. The surge in fire ant migration came right after world war two, with the housing boom. The migration of fire ants was mostly associated with the mass movement of grass sod and decorative plants for landscaping purposes. However, â€Å"In 1958, the Federal Fire Ant Quarantine was implemented [to] try to limit the spread of fire ants from the quarantined areas. Hay, sod, plants and used soil moving equipment must me inspected and/or treated before being moved out of the quarantine area.† The IFA migration methods include â€Å"†¦seasonal relocations, migration in nursery stock, natural flights, and after floods rafting on water. Ants can be blown by the wind 12 miles during mating flights. They can â€Å"hitchhike† on birds [or other animals] or mass togethe r to form a floating ball to ride out a flood.† It is estimated that a fire ant colony can expand 20-30 miles per year based on mating flights alone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The IFA migration fear is due to damage to people, but also damage to crops and property. Currently, the IFA is known â€Å"†¦as damaging 57 different species of cultivated plants† including wheat, cotton, corn, sorghum seed, soybean, blueberry, peanut, sunflower, watermelon, cantaloupe, cucumber, pecan, eggplant, okra, strawberry, and potato in addition to property, fire ants have been associated with may outdoor electrical equipment, due to their strong attraction to electrical and magnetic fields and impulses. The effected items where fire ants have been known to nest and be found include: gasoline pumps, traffic lights, electrical and telephone transformers/boxes, air conditions (many, many cases) heat pumps, TV’s, computers, walls and plumbing insulation, water meters, insulation of electrical wiring causing electrical disruptions, and beside and beneath roadways. The Fire Ant :: essays research papers The Fire Ant (general overview and personal perspectives)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The â€Å"Fire Ant† is one of the most feared migratory arthropods in North America. The first non-native species was introduced into the Port of Mobile, Alabama, starting in 1919, through soil ballast, from South American ships, being dumped ashore. The black fire ant (Solenopsis richteri Forel) arrived sometime in 1919, and the red fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) sometime in the late 1930’s; both much more aggressive and harsh than their two sister species of fire ants, the Tropical fire ant (Solenopsis xyloni McCook) and the Southern fire ant (Solenopsis geminata Fabricius), which are considered native to North America. The presence of imported fire ants within United States boarders was first reported in 1929.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Currently, the IFA (imported fire ant) is found in eleven states (over 300 million acres) , with sporadic, isolated showings as far west as California and as far north as Kansas and Maryland. The surge in fire ant migration came right after world war two, with the housing boom. The migration of fire ants was mostly associated with the mass movement of grass sod and decorative plants for landscaping purposes. However, â€Å"In 1958, the Federal Fire Ant Quarantine was implemented [to] try to limit the spread of fire ants from the quarantined areas. Hay, sod, plants and used soil moving equipment must me inspected and/or treated before being moved out of the quarantine area.† The IFA migration methods include â€Å"†¦seasonal relocations, migration in nursery stock, natural flights, and after floods rafting on water. Ants can be blown by the wind 12 miles during mating flights. They can â€Å"hitchhike† on birds [or other animals] or mass togethe r to form a floating ball to ride out a flood.† It is estimated that a fire ant colony can expand 20-30 miles per year based on mating flights alone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The IFA migration fear is due to damage to people, but also damage to crops and property. Currently, the IFA is known â€Å"†¦as damaging 57 different species of cultivated plants† including wheat, cotton, corn, sorghum seed, soybean, blueberry, peanut, sunflower, watermelon, cantaloupe, cucumber, pecan, eggplant, okra, strawberry, and potato in addition to property, fire ants have been associated with may outdoor electrical equipment, due to their strong attraction to electrical and magnetic fields and impulses. The effected items where fire ants have been known to nest and be found include: gasoline pumps, traffic lights, electrical and telephone transformers/boxes, air conditions (many, many cases) heat pumps, TV’s, computers, walls and plumbing insulation, water meters, insulation of electrical wiring causing electrical disruptions, and beside and beneath roadways.

Violence, Gender and Elder Abuse

Women and Violence Professor Guelakis November 1, 2010 Violence, Gender, and Elder Abuse Elderly abuse has not been researched enough. There has been recent expansion on the research of abuse of the elderly. However, it is still lacking adequate theory because there has not been enough research done, data collected on why it happens, or the characteristics of the abuser and victim. Women are predominantly the victims of elder abuse and men the abusers. However, there has not been a firm definition of what elderly abuse is. Some experts suggest that elder abuse should be included in the definition of domestic abuse.Experts have found in their studies that women are the majority of the physically abused where men were the larger average of elderly individuals who were neglected. However, many experts also state that focusing on the definition of elder abuse is counterproductive in focusing on the issue that women are the majority of abused victims. Feminist theorists have failed to pro duce enough data here, although they have the expertise to contribute to this research. One of the main problems with elder abuse is the failure to acknowledge it as a form of real abuse.The ‘caregiver’ is already excused by be given this label as the ‘carer’. There is also the focus on the elder individual as the catalyst to the abuse, by pushing the carer to his or her limits. The elder individual is seen as overly dependent and adding stressors to the caregiver. ‘Granny-battering’, as elderly abuse was once called, has turned into a closer look at the perpetrator and his characteristics instead of the victims. Experts say that more attention should be placed on the predisposing factors, such as drugs, alcohol, and dependency.Spouse and child abuse research has been found to have similar pathological characteristics to elder abuse. Social norms support elder abuse against women in that women are dependent on caregivers financially, practicall y, and emotionally. There is little information, however, on the strategies, tactics, or coping skills because the victims have not been heard. Unfortunately, the lack of research, along with the â€Å"denial and inability† to recognize elder abuse has made it difficult to gain knowledge and accomplishment with this very valid form of abuse.

how to Order Mandarin Chinese in a Restaurant

how to Order Mandarin Chinese in a Restaurant When you are visiting China or Taiwan, you will have lots of opportunities to sample the local cuisine. Since food is a national passion, there are restaurants and food stalls almost everywhere. There are many different types of food available, from the various regional dishes of China to Korean, Japanese, and Western. Fast food outlets are in all major cities, and there are also upscale restaurants specializing in Western food - Italian seems to be the most popular. Restaurant Customs When you enter a restaurant, you will be asked how many people are in your party and will be shown to a table. If an English menu is not available, and you dont read Chinese, you will have to ask for help, either from the waiter or a Chinese friend. Most restaurants are open only during meal times - 11:30 to 1:00 for lunch and 5:30 to 7:00 for dinner. Snacks are available almost any time at coffee houses, tea shops, and street vendors. Meals are eaten relatively quickly, and it is customary to leave the restaurant as soon as everyone is finished. Usually, one person will pay for the whole group, so be sure to take your turn in paying for the meal. Tipping is not common in either Taiwan or China, and you usually pay for the meal at the cash register. Here are some phrases to help you order food in a restaurant. English Pinyin Traditional Characters Simplified Characters How many people are there? QÇ ngwà ¨n jÄ « wà ¨i? è «â€¹Ã¥â€¢ Ã¥ ¹ ¾Ã¤ ½ ? è ¯ ·Ã©â€" ®Ã¥â€¡  Ã¤ ½ ? There are ___ people (in our party). ___ wà ¨i. ___ ä ½ Ã¯ ½ ¡ ___ ä ½ Ã¯ ½ ¡ Smoking or non-smoking? ChÃ… uyÄ n ma? æŠ ½Ã§â€¦â„¢Ã¥â€"Ž? æŠ ½Ã§Æ'Ÿå â€"? Are you ready to order? KÄ›yÇ  diÇŽn ci le ma? Ã¥  ¯Ã¤ » ¥Ã© »Å¾Ã¨ Å"ä ºâ€ Ã¥â€"Ž? Ã¥  ¯Ã¤ » ¥Ã§â€š ¹Ã¨ Å"ä ºâ€ Ã¥ â€"? Yes, we are ready to order. WÇ’men yo diÇŽn ci. 我們è ¦ Ã© »Å¾Ã¨ Å"ï ½ ¡ 我ä » ¬Ã¨ ¦ Ã§â€š ¹Ã¨ Å"ï ½ ¡ Not yet, please give us a few more minutes. Hi mà ©i. Zi dÄ›ng yÄ «xi. é‚„æ ²â€™. å† Ã§ ­â€°Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã¯ ½ ¡ è ¿ËœÃ¦ ² ¡. å† Ã§ ­â€°Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã¯ ½ ¡ I would like .... WÇ’ yo ... . 我è ¦ ... 我è ¦ ... . I will have this. WÇ’ yo zhà ¨gà ¨. 我è ¦ Ã©â‚¬â„¢Ã¥â‚¬â€¹Ã¯ ½ ¡ 我è ¦ Ã¨ ¿â„¢Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¯ ½ ¡ That is for me. Shà ¬ wÇ’de. æ˜ ¯Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¯ ½ ¡ æ˜ ¯Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¯ ½ ¡ This is not what I ordered. Zhà ¨ bà ºshà ¬ wÇ’ diÇŽn de. 這ä ¸ Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã© »Å¾Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¯ ½ ¡ è ¿â„¢Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã§â€š ¹Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¯ ½ ¡ Please bring us some.... QÇ ng zi gÄ›i wÇ’men ... . è «â€¹Ã¥â€  Ã§ µ ¦Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥â‚¬â€˜...ï ½ ¡ è ¯ ·Ã¥â€  Ã§ »â„¢Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¤ » ¬...ï ½ ¡ Could I have the bill? QÇ ng gÄ›i wÇ’ zhngdÄ n. è «â€¹Ã§ µ ¦Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥ ¸ ³Ã¥â€" ®Ã¯ ½ ¡ è ¯ ·Ã§ »â„¢Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥ ¸ Ã¥ â€¢Ã¯ ½ ¡ How much is it? DuÃ… shÇŽo qin? Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã¥ °â€˜Ã©Å' ¢? Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã¥ °â€˜Ã©â€™ ±? Can I pay by credit card? WÇ’ kÄ›yÇ  yà ²ng xà ¬nyà ²ngkÇŽ ma? 我å  ¯Ã¤ » ¥Ã§â€ ¨Ã¤ ¿ ¡Ã§â€ ¨Ã¥  ¡Ã¥â€"Ž? 我å  ¯Ã¤ » ¥Ã§â€ ¨Ã¤ ¿ ¡Ã§â€ ¨Ã¥  ¡Ã¥ â€"? The bill is not right. ZhngdÄ n bà ¹duà ¬. Ã¥ ¸ ³Ã¥â€" ®Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ ° Ã¯ ½ ¡ Ã¥ ¸ Ã¥ â€¢Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ ¯ ¹Ã¯ ½ ¡

An Introduction to Psychological Warfare

An Introduction to Psychological Warfare Psychological warfare is the planned tactical use of propaganda, threats, and other non-combat techniques during wars, threats of war, or periods of geopolitical unrest to mislead, intimidate, demoralize, or otherwise influence the thinking or behavior of an enemy. While all nations employ it, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) lists the tactical goals of psychological warfare (PSYWAR) or psychological operations (PSYOP) as: Assisting in overcoming an enemy’s will to fightSustaining the morale and winning the alliance of friendly groups in countries occupied by the enemyInfluencing the morale and attitudes of people in friendly and neutral countries toward the United States To achieve their objectives, the planners of psychological warfare campaigns first attempt to gain total knowledge of the beliefs, likes, dislikes, strengths, weaknesses, and vulnerabilities of the target population. According to the CIA, knowing what motivates the target is the key to a successful PSYOP.   A War of the Mind As a non-lethal effort to capture hearts and minds, psychological warfare typically employs  propaganda to influence the values, beliefs, emotions, reasoning, motives, or behavior of its targets. The targets of such propaganda campaigns can include governments, political organizations, advocacy groups, military personnel, and civilian individuals. Simply a form of  cleverly â€Å"weaponized† information, PSYOP propaganda may be disseminated in any or all of several ways: Face-to-face verbal communicationAudiovisual media, like television and moviesAudio-only media including shortwave radio broadcasts like those of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty or Radio HavanaPurely visual media, like leaflets, newspapers, books, magazines, or posters More important than how these weapons of propaganda are delivered is the message they carry and how well they influence or persuade the target audience.   Three Shades of Propaganda In his 1949 book, Psychological Warfare Against Nazi Germany, former OSS (now the CIA) operative Daniel Lerner details the U.S. militarys WWII Skyewar campaign. Lerner separates psychological warfare propaganda into three categories:   White propaganda: The information is truthful and only moderately biased. The source of the information is cited.Grey propaganda: The information is mostly truthful and contains no information that can be disproven. However, no sources are cited.Black propaganda: Literally â€Å"fake news,† the information is false or deceitful and is attributed to sources not responsible for its creation. While grey and black propaganda campaigns often have the most immediate impact, they also carry the greatest risk. Sooner or later, the target population identifies the information as being false, thus discrediting the source. As Lerner wrote, Credibility is a condition of persuasion. Before you can make a man do as you say, you must make him believe what you say.† PSYOP in Battle   On the actual battlefield, psychological warfare is used to obtain confessions, information, surrender, or defection by breaking the morale of enemy fighters.   Some typical tactics of battlefield PSYOP include:   Distribution of pamphlets or flyers encouraging the enemy to surrender and giving instructions on how to surrender safelyThe visual â€Å"shock and awe† of a massive attack employing vast numbers of troops or technologically advanced weaponsSleep deprivation through the continual projection of loud, annoying music or sounds toward enemy troopsThe threat – whether real or imaginary – of the use of chemical or biological weaponsRadio stations created to broadcast propagandaRandom use of snipers, booby traps, and improvised explosive devices (IEDs)â€Å"False flag† events – attacks or operations designed to convince the enemy that they were carried out by other nations or groups In all cases, the objective of battlefield psychological warfare is to destroy the morale of the enemy leading them to surrender or defect.   Early Psychological Warfare While it might sound like a modern invention, psychological warfare is as old as war itself. When soldiers the mighty Roman Legions rhythmically beat their swords against their shields they were employing a tactic of shock and awe designed to induce terror in their opponents.   In the 525 B.C. Battle of Peluseium, Persian forces held cats as hostages  in order to gain a psychological advantage over the Egyptians, who due to their religious beliefs, refused to harm cats.   To make the number of his troops seem larger than they actually were, 13th century A.D. leader of the Mongolian Empire Genghis Khan ordered each soldier to carry three lit torches at night. The Mighty Khan also designed arrows notched to whistle as they flew through the air, terrifying his enemies. And in perhaps the most extreme shock and awe tactic, Mongol armies would catapult severed human heads over the walls of enemy villages to frighten the residents. During the  American Revolution, British troops wore brightly colored uniforms in an attempt to intimidate the more plainly dressed troops of George Washington’s Continental Army. This, however, proved to be a fatal mistake as the bright red uniforms made easy targets for Washington’s even more demoralizing American snipers. Modern Psychological Warfare Modern psychological warfare tactics were first used  during World War I. Technological advances in electronic and print media made it easier for governments to distribute propaganda through mass-circulation newspapers. On the battlefield, advances in aviation made it possible to drop leaflets behind enemy lines and special non-lethal artillery rounds were designed to deliver propaganda. Postcards dropped over German trenches by British pilots bore notes supposedly handwritten by German prisoners extolling their humane treatment by their British captors. During  World War II, both Axis and Allied powers regularly used PSYOPS. Adolf Hitlers rise to power in Germany was driven largely by propaganda designed to discredit his political opponents. His furious speeches mustered national pride while convincing the people to blame others for Germany’s self-inflicted economic problems. Use of radio broadcast PSYOP reached a peak in World War II. Japans famous Tokyo Rose broadcast music with false information of Japanese military victories to discourage allied forces. Germany employed similar tactics through the radio broadcasts of Axis Sally.   However, in perhaps the most impactful PSYOP in WWII, American commanders orchestrating the leaking of false orders leading the German high command to believe the allied D-Day invasion would be launched on the beaches of Calais, rather than Normandy, France. The Cold War was all but ended when U.S. President Ronald Reagan publicly released detailed plans for a highly sophisticated â€Å"Star Wars† Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)anti-ballistic missile system capable of destroying Soviet nuclear missiles before they re-entered the atmosphere. Whether any of Reagan’s â€Å"Star Wars† systems could have really been built or not, Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev believed they could. Faced with the realization that the costs of countering U.S. advances in nuclear weapons systems could bankrupt his government, Gorbachev agreed to reopen dà ©tente-era negotiations resulting in lasting nuclear arms control treaties.   More recently, the United States responded to the September 11, 2001 terror attacks by launching the Iraq War with a massive â€Å"shock and awe† campaign intended to break the Iraqi army’s will to fight and to protect the country’s dictatorial leader Saddam Hussein. The U.S. invasion began on March 19, 2003, with two days of non-stop bombing of Iraq’s capital city of Baghdad. On April 5, U.S. and allied Coalition forces, facing only token opposition from Iraqi troops, took control of Baghdad. On April 14, less than a month after the shock and awe invasion began, the U.S. declared victory in the Iraq War.   In todays ongoing  War on Terror, the Jihadist terrorist organization ISIS – the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria- uses social media websites and other online sources to conduct psychological campaigns designed to recruit followers and fighters from around the world.

Give an example of such an ideology and explain why it is an ideology Essay

Give an example of such an ideology and explain why it is an ideology in the above sense. How does it distort our understanding of reality Who benefits from this distortion - Essay Example Sovereignty and heteronomy are in the text of honorable theorists. Additionally, cognitive theories, concentrating more on the assemble of moral judgment, accentuate the advance of autonomy. On the other hand, collective erudition theories and cultural psychology theories give emphasis to heteronomy centering on cultural broadcast. Furthermore, Piaget 1932 and 1965 postulated that expansion goal consists of stirring from heteronomy to autonomy; Kohlberg 1969 postulated alternation linking heteronomy and autonomy inside each stage. At this point, we take the outlook that both processes are concerned in the development of decent thinking, although they are synchronized, parallel, and mutual processes. They are used as the expression of moral thoughts to the popular judgments about correct, erroneous and the justification for such thinking. Moral philosophy is destined to be bigger than proper conclusion, in that, the moral judgment assembles refers more by a whisker to the cognitive edifice of basic epistemological categories; for instance, fair dealing, duty, justifiable establishment, and civil rights. In disparity, moral thinking, as we use the phrase, refers to personal views on such issues like abortion, rights of homosexual persons, creed in public schools, the womens roles, and others. Literary ideology i s a supplementary basic evolution in the configuration of moral judgment and refers to beliefs norms, and principles that subsist separately on a single individual and that are common in a cluster as an element of its mutual customs. Our point is that equally honorable conclusion and cultural principles have a say considerably and exceptionally to moral thoughts. There are two progressions; parallel theory designed for moral thinking, a quantity of what the two-process, corresponding theory by Kintsch, 1978 for book intellectual capacity that is, the construction moral thinking involves two processes taking place

Liberalism and its critics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Liberalism and its critics - Essay Example Having discussed that liberalism puts forward the interests of fighters; critics claim that liberalism is also an ideological system of struggle that stands for things like unprincipled peace. As a result, critics maintain that liberalism brings about something called political degeneration in different individuals and units within a party and within revolution organizations. Additionally, Mao puts across that liberalism gives rise to or creates decadent. In terms of manifestation, liberalism manifests itself in a number of ways. For instance, liberalism lets things flow freely or slide in the name of friendship and peace despite the fact that a person has made a mistake (66). This happens mainly because this person might be an old subordinate, a fellow townsman, a loved one, or a close friend. Based on this revelation, Fredonians should pursue liberalism with caution as it might end up dividing the society into halves. Moreover, it is worthwhile for the people of Fredonia to refrain from liberalism as they have very little knowledge about it thus making it unwise to take up the weapon of liberalism against the foreigners and aristocrats. Citations maintain that the so-called â€Å"Patriots† have limited knowledge concerning liberalism. This shows that they do not have insights into this kind of action, which makes them unaware of damages that might befall them in case they happen to opt for liberalism. As depicted by Mao, liberalism involves indulgence into irresponsible criticism that takes place privately as opposed to voicing out suggestions and ideas as well as cause for action to the organization (79). Truthfully, advising Fredonians to refrain from liberalism is a pragmatic way of avoiding further oppression as it shows no regard for principles of collective living but follows individual inclination. Revolution History explains that, since Middle Ages, there has been an existence of so cietal struggles. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels assert that, presence of the oppressor and the oppressed, patrician and the plebian, free people and the slave as well as the master of guild and the journey was and still is the causal factor behind revolutionaries (85). These authors point out clearly that, revolution could act as a weapon against certain inhumane actions but in most cases, its results are unimaginable. Generally, revolution either comes along with re-construction of the involved society in bits or at large or results to rampant ruin of almost every contending class. Fact findings establish that history based on epochs of revolution bring out undesirable end product as all societies involved suffered a manifold of gradation in terms of social ranks (91). For example, in ancient Rome, revolution resulted to slaves, knights, patricians, and plebeians. In order for â€Å"The Patriots† to kick out foreigners and aristocrats, it is advisable for them to revolution ize their nation despite criticism. This is because for them to attain reforms there must